Env envelope

superclass: Object

An Env is a specification for a segmented envelope. Envs can be used both server-side, by an EnvGen within a SynthDef, and clientside, with methods such as at and asStream, below. An Env can have any number of segments which can stop at a particular value or loop several segments when sustaining. It can have several shapes for its segments.

Env.new([0,1,0.9,0], [0.1,0.5, 1],[-5,0,-5]).plot;

The envelope is conceived as a sequence of nodes (not to be confused with a synthesis-Node) each of which has two parameters: a target level and a time duration from the previous node. The two parameters for each node are kept in separate arrays as explained below.

NOTE: In some other computer music systems and situations we deal with control points or breakpoints. If these control points have associated x positions (say in an envelope GUI, see SCEnvelopeView) they must be converted to time differences between points to be used as nodes in a Env object.

Class Methods

*new(levels, times, curves, releaseNode, loopNode)

Create a new envelope specification.

levels - an array of levels. The first level is the initial value of the envelope.

times - an array of durations of segments in seconds. There should be one fewer duration than there are levels.

curve - this parameter determines the shape of the envelope segments.

The possible values are:

'step' - flat segments

'linear' - linear segments, the default

'exponential' - natural exponential growth and decay. In this case, the levels must all be nonzero

and the have the same sign.

'sine' - sinusoidal S shaped segments.

'welch' - sinusoidal segments shaped like the sides of a Welch window.

a Float - a curvature value for all segments.

An Array of Floats - curvature values for each segments.

releaseNode - an Integer or nil. The envelope will sustain at the release node until released.

loopNode - an Integer or nil. If not nil the output will loop through those nodes startign at the loop node to the node immediately preceeding the release node, before back to the loop node, and so on. Note that the envelope only transitions to the release node when released. Examples are below. The loop is escaped when a gate signal is sent, when the output transitions to the release node, as described below.

s.boot; //.test below will run a synthesis example

// to demonstrate the envelope, so the Server must be on

// different shaped segments: .plot graphs the Env

Env.new([0,1, 0.3, 0.8, 0], [2, 3, 1, 4],'linear').test.plot;

Env.new([0.001, 1, 0.3, 0.8, 0.001], [2, 3, 1, 4],'exponential').test.plot;

Env.new([0, 1, 0.3, 0.8, 0], [2, 3, 1, 4],'sine').test.plot;

Env.new([0.001, 1, 0.3, 0.8, 0.001],[2,3,1,4],'welch').test.plot;

Env.new([0, 1, 0.3, 0.8, 0], [2, 3, 1, 4],'step').test.plot;

Env.new([0, 1, 0.3, 0.8, 0], [2, 3, 1, 4], -2).test.plot;

Env.new([0, 1, 0.3, 0.8, 0], [2, 3, 1, 4], 2).test.plot;

Env.new([0, 1, 0.3, 0.8, 0], [2, 3, 1, 4], [0, 3, -3, -1]).test.plot;

If a release node is given, and the gate input of the EnvGen is set to zero, it outputs the nodes after the release node:

// release node is node 1; takes 0.5 seconds to go from 0 to 1,

// sustains at level of 1, then released after three seconds

// (test causes the release after three seconds, given the argument 3),

// taking 2 seconds to finish

Env.new([0,1,0],[0.5,2],'linear',1).test(3).plot

// more complex examples

// release node is node 2; releases after 5 sec

Env.new([0.001,1,0.3,0.8,0.001],[2,3,1,4] * 0.2, 2, 2).test(5).plot;

Env.new([0.001,1,0.3,0.8,0.5,0.8,0],[2,3,1,2,2,1] * 0.2, 2, 2).test(5).plot;

// early release: goes straight onto the release node after 0.1 seconds

Env.new([0.001,1,0.3,0.8,0.5,0.8,0],[2,3,1,2,2,1] * 0.2, 2, 2).test(0.1).plot;

If a loop node is given, the EnvGen outputs the nodes between the loop node and the release node (not including the release node itself) until it is released:

// release node is node 2, loop node is node 0: so loops around nodes 0 (lvl 1, dur 0.5)

// and 1 (lvl 0.1, dur 0.5) //until released after 3.5 seconds

Env.new([0,1,0.1,0],[0.5,0.5,2], 'lin', 2, 0).test(3.5).plot;

// this just sustains at node 0, because there is no other node to loop around!

Env.new([0,1,0],[0.5,2], 'lin', 1, 0).test(3.5).plot;

// more complex example: release node is node 3, loop node is node 1

Env.new([0.001,1,0.3,0.8,0.5,0.8,0],[2,1,1,2,3,1] * 0.1, 'lin', 3, 1).test(3).plot;

Note:

The starting level for an envelope segment is always the level you are at right now. For example when the gate is released and you jump to the release segment, the level does not jump to the level at the beginning of the release segment, it changes from whatever the current level is to the goal level of the release segment over the specified duration of the release segment.

There is an extra level at the beginning of the envelope to set the initial level. After that each node is a goal level and a duration, so node zero has duration equal to times[0] and goal level equal to levels[1].

The loop jumps back to the loop node. The endpoint of that segment is the goal level for that segment and the duration of that segment will be the time over which the level changed from the current level to the goal level.

*newClear(numSegments)

Creates a new envelope specification with numSegments for filling in later. This can be useful when passing Env parameters as args to a Synth. Note that the maximum number of segments is fixed and cannot be changed once embedded in a SynthDef. Trying to set an Env with more segments than then this may result in other args being unexpectedly set.

(

SynthDef(\help_Env_newClear, { |i_outbus=0, t_gate|

var env, envctl;

// make an empty 4 segment envelope

env = Env.newClear(4);

// create a control argument array

envctl = Control.names([\env]).kr( env.asArray );

Out.ar(i_outbus, SinOsc.ar(EnvGen.kr(envctl, t_gate), 0, 0.3));

}).send(s);

)

(

s.bind {

// must not have more segments than the env above

e = Env([700,900,900,800], [1,1,1], \exp); // 3 segments

x = Synth(\help_Env_newClear, [\t_gate, 1]);

x.setn(\env, e.asArray);

};

)

(

// reset then play again

e = Env([800,300,400,500,200], [1,1,1,1], \exp); // 4 segments

x.setn(\env, e.asArray);

x.set(\t_gate, 1);

)

x.free;

Standard Shape Envelope Creation Methods

The following class methods create some frequently used envelope shapes based on supplied durations.

*linen(attackTime, sustainTime, releaseTime, level, curve)

Creates a new envelope specification which has a trapezoidal shape.

attackTime - the duration of the attack portion.

sustainTime - the duration of the sustain portion.

releaseTime - the duration of the release portion.

level - the level of the sustain portion.

curve - the curvature of the envelope.

s.boot;

Env.linen(1, 2, 3, 0.6).test.plot;

Env.linen(0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.6).test.plot;

Env.linen(1, 2, 3, 0.6, 'sine').test.plot;

Env.linen(1, 2, 3, 0.6, 'welch').test.plot;

Env.linen(1, 2, 3, 0.6, -3).test.plot;

Env.linen(1, 2, 3, 0.6, -3).test.plot;

*triangle(duration, level)

Creates a new envelope specification which has a triangle shape.

duration - the duration of the envelope.

level - the peak level of the envelope.

Env.triangle(1, 1).test.plot;

*sine(duration, level)

Creates a new envelope specification which has a hanning window shape.

duration - the duration of the envelope.

level - the peak level of the envelope.

Env.sine(1,1).test.plot;

*perc(attackTime, releaseTime, peakLevel, curve)

Creates a new envelope specification which (usually) has a percussive shape.

attackTime - the duration of the attack portion.

releaseTime - the duration of the release portion.

peakLevel - the peak level of the envelope.

curve - the curvature of the envelope.

Env.perc(0.05, 1, 1, -4).test.plot;

Env.perc(0.001, 1, 1, -4).test.plot; // sharper attack

Env.perc(0.001, 1, 1, -8).test.plot; // change curvature

Env.perc(1, 0.01, 1, 4).test.plot; // reverse envelope

Sustained Envelope Creation Methods

The following methods create some frequently used envelope shapes which have a sustain segment.

*adsr(attackTime, decayTime, sustainLevel, releaseTime, peakLevel, curve)

Creates a new envelope specification which is shaped like traditional analog attack-decay-sustain-release (adsr) envelopes.

attackTime - the duration of the attack portion.

decayTime - the duration of the decay portion.

sustainLevel - the level of the sustain portion as a ratio of the peak level.

releaseTime - the duration of the release portion.

peakLevel - the peak level of the envelope.

curve - the curvature of the envelope.

Env.adsr(0.02, 0.2, 0.25, 1, 1, -4).test(2).plot;

Env.adsr(0.001, 0.2, 0.25, 1, 1, -4).test(2).plot;

//release after 0.45 sec

Env.adsr(0.001, 0.2, 0.25, 1, 1, -4).test(0.45).plot;

*dadsr(delayTime, attackTime, decayTime, sustainLevel, releaseTime, peakLevel, curve)

As *adsr above, but with it's onset delayed by delayTime in seconds. The default delay is 0.1.

*asr(attackTime, sustainLevel, releaseTime, curve)

Creates a new envelope specification which is shaped like traditional analog attack-sustain-release (asr) envelopes.

attackTime - the duration of the attack portion.

sustainLevel - the level of the sustain portion as a ratio of the peak level.

releaseTime - the duration of the release portion.

curve - the curvature of the envelope.

Env.asr(0.02, 0.5, 1, -4).test(2).plot;

Env.asr(0.001, 0.5, 1, -4).test(2).plot; // sharper attack

Env.asr(0.02, 0.5, 1, 'linear').test(2).plot; // linear segments

*cutoff(releaseTime, level, curve)

Creates a new envelope specification which has no attack segment. It simply sustains at the peak level until released. Useful if you only need a fadeout, and more versatile than Line.

releaseTime - the duration of the release portion.

level - the peak level of the envelope.

curve - the curvature of the envelope.

Env.cutoff(1, 1).test(2).plot;

Env.cutoff(1, 1, 4).test(2).plot;

Env.cutoff(1, 1, 'sine').test(2).plot;

Instance Methods

blend(anotherEnv, blendFraction)

Blend two envelopes. Returns a new Env.

anotherEnv - an Env.

blendFraction - a number from zero to one.

a = Env([0, 0.2, 1, 0.2, 0.2, 0], [0.5, 0.01, 0.01, 0.3, 0.2]).test.plot;

b = Env([0, 0.4, 1, 0.2, 0.5, 0], [0.05, 0.4, 0.01, 0.1, 0.4]).test.plot;

(

Task({

f = (0, 0.2 .. 1);

f.do { |u|

blend(a, b, u).test.plot;

2.wait;

Window.allWindows.pop.close; // close last opened window

}

}).play(AppClock);

)

// in a SynthDef

(

SynthDef(\help_EnvBlend, { | fact = 0 |

Out.ar(0, EnvGen.kr(Env.perc.blend(Env.sine, fact), 1.0, doneAction: 2)

* SinOsc.ar(440,0,0.1)

)

}).send(s));

(

{

f = (0, 0.1..1);

f.do({|fact| Synth(\help_EnvBlend, [\fact, fact.postln]); 1.wait;});

}.fork;)

delay(delay)

Returns a new Env based on the receiver in which the start value will be held for delay number of seconds.

delay - The amount of time to delay the start of the envelope.

a = Env.perc(0.05, 1, 1, -4);

b = a.delay(2);

a.test.plot;

b.test.plot;

a = Env([0.5, 1, 0], [1, 1]).plot;

a.delay(1).plot;

circle(timeFromLastToFirst, curve)

circle from end to beginning over the time specified, with the curve specified.

(

{ SinOsc.ar(

EnvGen.kr(

Env([6000, 700, 100], [1, 1], ['exp', 'lin']).circle.postcs)

) * 0.1

+ Impulse.ar(1)

}.play;

)

(

{ SinOsc.ar(

EnvGen.kr(

Env([6000, 700, 100], [1, 1], ['exp', 'lin']).circle(1).postcs,

MouseX.kr > 0.5)

) * 0.1

+ Impulse.ar(1) }.play;

)

test(releaseTime)

Test the envelope on the default Server with a SinOsc.

releaseTime - If this is a sustaining envelope, it will be released after this much time in seconds. The default is 3 seconds.

plot(size, bounds, minval, maxval, parent)

Plot this envelope's shape in a window.

size - The size of the plot. The default is 400.

bounds - the size of the plot window.

minval - the minimum value in the plot. Defaults to the lowest value in the data.

maxval - the maximum value in the plot. Defaults to the highest value in the data.

parent - a window to place the plot in. If nil, one will be created for you

asSignal(length)

Returns a Signal of size length created by sampling this Env at length number of intervals.

asArray

Converts the Env to an Array in a specially ordered format. This allows for Env parameters to be settable arguments in a SynthDef. See example above under *newClear.

isSustained

Returns true if this is a sustaining envelope, false otherwise.

range(lo, hi)

exprange(lo, hi)

Returns a copy of the Env whose levels have been mapped onto the given linear or exponential range.

a = Env.adsr;

a.levels;

a.range(42, 45).levels;

a.exprange(42, 45).levels;

(

// Mapping an Env to an exponential frequency range:

{

SinOsc.ar(EnvGen.ar(Env.perc(0.01, 0.2).exprange(40, 10000), doneAction: 2)

, 0, 0.1).dup;

}.play(s)

)

Client-side Access and Stream Support

Sustain and loop settings have no effect in the methods below.

at(time)

Returns the value of the Env at time.

Env.triangle(1, 1).at(0.5);

embedInStream

Embeds this Env within an enclosing Stream. Timing is derived from thisThread.beats.

asStream

Creates a Routine and embeds the Env in it. This allows the Env to function as a Stream.

(

{

e = Env.sine.asStream;

5.do({

e.next.postln;

0.25.wait;

})}.fork

)