Manualul Debian Live

Despre

1. Despre acest manual

1.1 For the impatient
1.2 Termeni
1.3 Autori
1.4 Cum se poate contribui la acest document
1.4.1 Applying changes
1.4.2 Translation

2. Despre Proiectul Debian Live

2.1 Motivatie
2.1.1 Ce nu e bine cu sistemele live actuale
2.1.2 De ce e nevoie de propriul nostru sistem live ?
2.2 Filozofia
2.2.1 Numai pachete neschimbate din Debian "main"
2.2.2 Nu vor fi programe de configurare pentru sistemul live.
2.3 Contact

Utilizator

3. Installation

3.1 Requirements
3.2 Installing live-build
3.2.1 From the Debian repository
3.2.2 From source
3.2.3 From 'snapshots'
3.3 Installing live-boot and live-config
3.3.1 From the Debian repository
3.3.2 From source
3.3.3 From 'snapshots'

4. The basics

4.1 What is a live system?
4.2 First steps: building an ISO hybrid image
4.3 Using an ISO hybrid live image
4.3.1 Burning an ISO image to a physical medium
4.3.2 Copying an ISO hybrid image to a USB stick
4.3.3 Booting the live media
4.4 Using a virtual machine for testing
4.4.1 Testing an ISO image with QEMU
4.4.2 Testing an ISO image with virtualbox-ose
4.5 Building an HDD image
4.6 Using an HDD image
4.6.1 Testing an HDD image with Qemu
4.6.2 Using the space left on a USB stick
4.7 Building a netboot image
4.7.1 DHCP server
4.7.2 TFTP server
4.7.3 NFS server
4.7.4 Netboot testing HowTo
4.7.5 Qemu
4.7.6 VMWare Player

5. Overview of tools

5.1 The live-build package
5.1.1 The lb config command
5.1.2 The lb build command
5.1.3 The lb clean command
5.2 The live-boot package
5.3 The live-config package

6. Managing a configuration

6.1 Use auto to manage configuration changes
6.2 Example auto scripts

7. Customization overview

7.1 Build time vs. boot time configuration
7.2 Stages of the build
7.3 Supplement lb config with files
7.4 Customization tasks

8. Customizing package installation

8.1 Package sources
8.1.1 Distribution, archive areas and mode
8.1.2 Distribution mirrors
8.1.3 Distribution mirrors used at build time
8.1.4 Distribution mirrors used at run time
8.1.5 Additional repositories
8.2 Choosing packages to install
8.2.1 Package lists
8.2.2 Predefined package lists
8.2.3 Local package lists
8.2.4 Local binary package lists
8.2.5 Extending a provided package list using includes
8.2.6 Using conditionals inside package lists
8.2.7 Tasks
8.2.8 Desktop and language tasks
8.3 Installing modified or third-party packages
8.3.1 Using packages.chroot to install custom packages
8.3.2 Using an APT repository to install custom packages
8.3.3 Custom packages and APT
8.4 Configuring APT at build time
8.4.1 Choosing apt or aptitude
8.4.2 Using a proxy with APT
8.4.3 Tweaking APT to save space
8.4.4 Passing options to apt or aptitude
8.4.5 APT pinning

9. Customizing contents

9.1 Includes
9.1.1 Live/chroot local includes
9.1.2 Binary local includes
9.1.3 Binary includes
9.2 Hooks
9.2.1 Live/chroot local hooks
9.2.2 Boot-time hooks
9.2.3 Binary local hooks
9.3 Preseeding Debconf questions

10. Customizing run time behaviours

10.1 Customizing the live user
10.2 Customizing locale and language
10.3 Persistence
10.3.1 The live-persistence.conf file
10.3.2 Using more than one persistence store

11. Customizing the binary image

11.1 Bootloader
11.2 ISO metadata

12. Customizing Debian Installer

12.1 Types of Debian Installer
12.2 Customizing Debian Installer by preseeding
12.3 Customizing Debian Installer content

Proiect

13. Reporting bugs

13.1 Known issues
13.2 Rebuild from scratch
13.3 Use up-to-date packages
13.4 Collect information
13.5 Isolate the failing case if possible
13.6 Use the correct package to report the bug against
13.6.1 At build time whilst bootstrapping
13.6.2 At build time whilst installing packages
13.6.3 At boot time
13.6.4 At run time
13.7 Do the research
13.8 Where to report bugs

14. Coding Style

14.1 Compatibility
14.2 Indenting
14.3 Wrapping
14.4 Variables
14.5 Miscellaneous

15. Procedures

15.1 Udeb Uploads
15.2 Major Releases
15.3 Point Releases
15.3.1 Last Point Release of a Debian Release
15.3.2 Point release announcement template

Exemple

16. Examples

16.1 Using the examples
16.2 Tutorial 1: A standard image
16.3 Tutorial 2: A web browser utility
16.4 Tutorial 3: A personalized image
16.4.1 First revision
16.4.2 Second revision
16.5 A VNC Kiosk Client
16.6 A base image for a 128M USB key
16.7 A localized KDE desktop and installer

Anexă

17. Style guide

17.1 Guidelines for authors
17.1.1 Linguistic features
17.1.2 Procedures
17.2 Guidelines for translators
17.2.1 Translation hints

Manualul Debian Live

Despre

1. Despre acest manual

This manual serves as a single access point to all documentation related to the Debian Live project and in particular applies to the software produced by the project for the Debian 7.0 "wheezy" release. An up-to-date version can always be found at ‹http://live.debian.net/

While live-manual is primarily focused on helping you build a live system and not on end-user topics, an end-user may find some useful information in these sections: The Basics covers preparing images to be booted from media or the network, and Customizing run time behaviours describes some options that may be specified at the boot prompt, such as selecting a keyboard layout and locale, and using persistence.

Anumite comenzi din text trebuie sa fie executate ca 'super_utilizator', privilegiu care poate fi obtinut fie prin comanda su, sau sudo. Pentru a distinge intre acesti utilizatori se vor folosi $ respectiv # . Aceste simboluri nu fac parte din comenzi.

1.1 For the impatient

While we believe that everything in this manual is important to at least some of our users, we realize it is a lot of material to cover and that you may wish to experience early success using the software before delving into the details. Therefore, we suggest reading in the following order.

First, read this chapter, About this manual, from the beginning and ending with the Terms section. Next, skip to the three tutorials at the front of the Examples section designed to teach you image building and customization basics. Read Using the examples first, followed by Tutorial 1: A standard image, Tutorial 2: A web browser utility and finally Tutorial 3: A personalized image. By the end of these tutorials, you will have a taste of what can be done with Debian Live.

We encourage you to return to more in-depth study of the manual, perhaps next reading The basics, skimming or skipping Building a netboot image, and finishing by reading the Customization overview and the chapters that follow it. By this point, we hope you are thoroughly excited by what can be done with Debian Live and motivated to read the rest of the manual, cover-to-cover.

1.2 Termeni

  • Live system: Un sistem de operare care porneste fara a instala pe discul dur. Un sistem live nu altereaza un sistem de operare local sau fisiere deja instalate pe discul dur ci doar dace se mentioneaza expres acest lucru. Sistemele livefolosesc spre pornire medii ca CDs, DVDs sau chei USB. Unele chiar pot porni prin retaua de net.
  • Debian Live: Sub-proiectul Debian care gereaza pachetele live-boot, live-build, live-config, si live-manual.
  • Debian Live system: Un sistem live care foloseste programe din sitemul de operare Debian, si care poate fi pornit folosind CDs, DVDs, chei USB, sau reteaua net (via netboot images), sau prin nternet (via boot parameter fetch=URL).
  • Host system: Mediul folosit pentru crearea sistemului live pe un sistem dat.
  • Target system: Mediul folosit pentru rularea sistemului live.
  • live-boot: O coloctie se scripte folosite la pornirea sistemului live. live-boot a facul parte formal din live-initramfs.
  • live-build: O colectie de scripte folosite la particularizatrea sistemelor Debian Live. live-build a fost cunoscut ca live-helper, iar mai inainte ca live-package.
  • live-config: O colectie de scripte folosite la configurarea sitemului live in timpul procesului de pornire. live-config a fost cunoscut ca parte din live-initramfs.
  • live-manual: Acest document face parte din pachetul numit live-manual.
  • Debian Installer (d-i): Sistemul de instalare oficial pentru distributia Debian.
  • Boot parameters: Parameti care pot fi adaugati la promptul bootloader-ului care sa infuenteze kernelul sau live-config.
  • chroot: Programul chroot, chroot(8), permite rularea a diferite instante din mediul GNU/Linux pe un singur sistem si in simultan fara a necesita o repornire a sistemului.
  • Binary image: Un fisier ce contine sistemul live, ca de exemplu binary.iso sau binary.img.
  • Target distribution: Dea pe care se bazeaza sistemul live. Aceasta distributie poate fi diferita de cea a sistemului gazda.
  • stable/testing/unstable: The stable distribution contains the latest officially released distribution of Debian. The testing distribution is the staging area for the next stable release. A major advantage of using this distribution is that it has more recent versions of software relative to the stable release. The unstable distribution is where active development of Debian occurs. Generally, this distribution is run by developers and those who like to live on the edge. Throughout the manual, we tend to use codenames for the releases, such as wheezy or sid, as that is what is supported by the tools themselves.
  • 1.3 Autori

    Lista autorilor (in ordine alfabetica):

  • Ben Armstrong
  • Brendan Sleight
  • Chris Lamb
  • Daniel Baumann
  • Franklin Piat
  • Jonas Stein
  • Kai Hendry
  • Marco Amadori
  • Mathieu Geli
  • Matthias Kirschner
  • Richard Nelson
  • Trent W. Buck
  • 1.4 Cum se poate contribui la acest document

    Acest manual este conceput ca un proiect comunitar si astfel orice propozitie sau inbunatatire sunt bune venite. Principala cale de a face o contributie este trimeterea unui mail la mailing list. Vedeti Contact pentru mai multe informatii.

    In orice contributie trimisa va rog sa precizati in clar cine detine copyright-ul si sub ce licenta este publicata. A se nota ca o contrinutie este acceptata daca este licentiata in acceeasi termeni ca si restul documentului , adica GPL version 3 or later.

    Sursele acestui manual sunt gerate folosind Git version control system. Pute-ti checkout ultima copie prin executarea :

    $ git clone git://live.debian.net/git/live-manual.git

    Inainte de a trimite contibutia dvs, este de dorit sa efectuati o previzualizare a lucrarii. Pentru aceasta verifica-ti ca pachetele necesare pentru 'building' sunt instalate, prin executatea comenzii:

    # apt-get install make po4a sisu-complete libnokogiri-ruby

    Pute-ti crea live-manual de la nivelul de sus al directorului Git checkout al dvs, prin executatea:

    $ make build

    Since it takes a while to build the manual in all supported languages, you may find it convenient when proofing to build for only one language, e.g. by executing:

    $ make build LANGUAGES=en

    It is also possible to build by document type, e.g:

    $ make build FORMATS=pdf

    Or combine both, e.g:

    $ make build LANGUAGES=it FORMATS=html

    1.4.1 Applying changes

    Commiterea in direct este la indemana oricui. Totusi, va rugam sa trimeteti schimbarile mai mari , spre discutie , la mailing list. Pentru a fi trimise contibutiile la repository, pasii urmatori sunt necesari:

  • Fetch the public commit key:
  • $ mkdir -p ~/.ssh/identity.d
    $ wget http://live.debian.net/other/keys/git@live.debian.net \
         -O ~/.ssh/identity.d/git@live.debian.net
    $ wget http://live.debian.net/other/keys/git@live.debian.net.pub \
         -O ~/.ssh/identity.d/git@live.debian.net.pub
    $ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/identity.d/git@live.debian.net*

  • Adaugati urmatoarea sectiuna la openssh-client config:
  • $ cat >> ~/.ssh/config << EOF
    Host live.debian.net
         Hostname live.debian.net
         User git
         IdentityFile ~/.ssh/identity.d/git@live.debian.net
    EOF

  • Checkout un clon al manualului prin ssh:
  • $ git clone gitosis@live.debian.net:/live-manual.git
    $ cd live-manual && git checkout debian-next

  • Note that you should commit any changes on the debian-next branch, not on the debian branch.
  • Do not use make commit unless you are updating translations in this commit, and in that case, do not mix changes to the English manual and translations in the same commit, but use separate commits for each. See the Translation section for more details.
  • Write commit messages that consist of complete, meaningful sentences in English, starting with a capital letter and ending with a full stop. Usually, these will start with the form 'Fixing/Adding/Removing/Correcting/Translating', e.g.
  • $ git commit -a -m "Adding a section on applying patches."

  • Primite commit-ul la server:
  • $ git push

    1.4.2 Translation

    To start a translation for a new language, follow these steps:

  • Translate the about_manual.ssi.pot, about_project.ssi.pot and index.html.in.pot files to your language with your favourite editor (such as poedit) . Send the translated .po files to the mailing list so that the translation team can check their integrity.
  • To enable a new language in the autobuild it is enough to add the initial translated files to manual/po/${LANGUAGE}/ and run make commit. And then edit manual/_sisu/home/index.html.
  • Once the new language is added, you can randomly continue translating the remaining po files in manual/po/.
  • Don't forget you need make commit to ensure the translated manuals are updated from the po files and then you can review your changes launching make build before git add ., git commit -a -m "Translating..." and git push.
  • Note: You can use make clean to clean your git tree before pushing. This step is not compulsory thanks to the .gitignore file but it is a good practice to avoid committing files involuntarily.