Debian Live Handbuch

Über Debian Live

1. Über dieses Handbuch

1.1 Begriffe
1.2 Autoren
1.3 Contributing to this document
1.3.1 Applying changes
1.3.2 Translation

2. About the Debian Live Project

2.1 Motivation
2.1.1 What is wrong with current live systems
2.1.2 Why create our own live system?
2.2 Philosophy
2.2.1 Only unchanged packages from Debian "main"
2.2.2 No package configuration of the live system
2.3 Contact

Benutzer

3. Installation

3.1 Requirements
3.2 Installing live-build
3.2.1 From the Debian repository
3.2.2 From source
3.2.3 From 'snapshots'
3.3 live-boot and live-config
3.3.1 From the Debian repository
3.3.2 From source
3.3.3 From 'snapshots'

4. The basics

4.1 What is a live system?
4.2 First steps: building an ISO hybrid image
4.3 Using an ISO hybrid live image
4.3.1 Burning an ISO image to a physical medium
4.3.2 Copying an ISO hybrid image to a USB stick
4.3.3 Booting the live media
4.4 Using a virtual machine for testing
4.4.1 Testing an ISO image with QEMU
4.4.2 Testing an ISO image with virtualbox-ose
4.5 Building an HDD image
4.6 Using an HDD image
4.6.1 Testing an HDD image with Qemu
4.6.2 Using the space left on a USB stick
4.7 Building a netboot image
4.7.1 DHCP server
4.7.2 TFTP server
4.7.3 NFS server
4.7.4 Netboot testing HowTo
4.7.5 Qemu
4.7.6 VMWare Player

5. Overview of tools

5.1 live-build
5.1.1 The lb config command
5.1.2 The lb build command
5.1.3 The lb clean command
5.2 The live-boot package
5.3 The live-config package

6. Managing a configuration

6.1 Use auto to manage configuration changes
6.2 Example auto scripts

7. Customization overview

7.1 Build time vs. boot time configuration
7.2 Stages of the build
7.3 Supplement lb config with files
7.4 Customization tasks

8. Customizing package installation

8.1 Package sources
8.1.1 Distribution, archive areas and mode
8.1.2 Distribution mirrors
8.1.3 Distribution mirrors used at build time
8.1.4 Distribution mirrors used at run time
8.1.5 Additional repositories
8.2 Choosing packages to install
8.2.1 Package lists
8.2.2 Predefined package lists
8.2.3 Local package lists
8.2.4 Local binary package lists
8.2.5 Extending a provided package list using includes
8.2.6 Using conditionals inside package lists
8.2.7 Tasks
8.2.8 Desktop and language tasks
8.3 Installing modified or third-party packages
8.3.1 Using packages.chroot to install custom packages
8.3.2 Using an APT repository to install custom packages
8.3.3 Custom packages and APT
8.4 Configuring APT at build time
8.4.1 Choosing apt or aptitude
8.4.2 Using a proxy with APT
8.4.3 Tweaking APT to save space
8.4.4 Passing options to apt or aptitude
8.4.5 APT pinning

9. Customizing contents

9.1 Includes
9.1.1 Live/chroot local includes
9.1.2 Binary local includes
9.1.3 Binary includes
9.2 Hooks
9.2.1 Live/chroot local hooks
9.2.2 Boot-time hooks
9.2.3 Binary local hooks
9.3 Preseeding Debconf questions

10. Customizing run time behaviours

10.1 Customizing the live user
10.2 Customizing locale and language
10.3 Persistence
10.3.1 Full persistence overlays
10.3.2 Custom overlays
10.3.3 Snapshots
10.3.4 Persistence SubText
10.3.5 Partial remastering

11. Customizing the binary image

11.1 Bootloader
11.2 ISO metadata

12. Customizing Debian Installer

12.1 Types of Debian Installer
12.2 Customizing Debian Installer by preseeding
12.3 Customizing Debian Installer content

Projekt

13. Reporting bugs

13.1 Known issues
13.2 Rebuild from scratch
13.3 Use up-to-date packages
13.4 Collect information
13.5 Isolate the failing case if possible
13.6 Use the correct package to report the bug against
13.6.1 At build time whilst bootstrapping
13.6.2 At build time whilst installing packages
13.6.3 At boot time
13.6.4 At run time
13.7 Do the research
13.8 Where to report bugs

14. Coding Style

14.1 Compatibility
14.2 Indenting
14.3 Wrapping
14.4 Variables
14.5 Miscellaneous

15. Procedures

15.1 Udeb Uploads
15.2 Major Releases
15.3 Point Releases
15.3.1 Last Point Release of a Debian Release
15.3.2 Point release announcement template

Beispiele

16. Examples

16.1 Using the examples
16.2 Tutorial 1: A standard image
16.3 Tutorial 2: A web browser utility
16.4 Tutorial 3: A personalized image
16.4.1 First revision
16.4.2 Second revision
16.5 A VNC Kiosk Client
16.6 A base image for a 128M USB key
16.7 A localized KDE desktop and installer

Anhang

17. Style guide

17.1 Guidelines for authors
17.1.1 Linguistic features
17.1.2 Procedures
17.2 Guidelines for translators
17.2.1 Translation hints

Debian Live Handbuch

Über Debian Live

1. Über dieses Handbuch

Dieses Handbuch dient als zentraler Einstiegspunkt für die gesamte Dokumentation des Debian Live Projekts, insbesondere zur Software die für Debian 7.0 "wheezy" erstellt wurde. Eine aktualisierte Version dieses Handbuches befindet sich auf ‹http://live.debian.net/›.

Obwohl live-manual primär das Ziel hat beim Bau eines Live Systems zu helfen und nicht Anwenderfragen zu beantworten, können Benutzer einige nützliche Informationen in den folgenden Abschnitten finden: Die Grundlagen deckt das Vorbereiten von Images um von Medien oder über das Netzwerk gestartet zu werden und Anpassung des Laufzeitverhalten beschreibt einige Optionen welche als Startparameter benutzt werden können, z.B. die Auswahl des Tastaturlayouts und der Systemsprache oder Persistenz.

Einige der erwähnten Befehle im Text müssen als Superuser ausgeführt werden. Dies kann entweder dadurch erreicht werden, indem zuerst auf den root Benutzer gewechselt wird mittels su oder durch die Benutzung von sudo. Um die Befehle welche als unprivilegierter Benutzer ausgeführt werden können und diesen welche Superuser Rechte benötigen, sind den Befehlen $ respektive # vorangestellt. Dieses Symbol ist nicht Teil des Befehls.

Für die Ungeduldigen

Obowhl wir denken dass alles in diesem Handbuch mehr oder weniger für die einen oder anderen Benutzer wichtig ist, sind wir uns bewusst, dass es sich um viel Material handelt. Für ein schnelles Erfolgserlebnis in der Anwendung dieser Software schlagen wir die folgende Reihenfolge vor, bevor sie sich mit den Details befassen:

First, read this chapter, About this manual, from the beginning and ending with the Terms section. Next, skip to the three tutorials at the front of the Examples section designed to teach you image building and customization basics. Read Using the examples first, followed by Tutorial 1: A standard image, Tutorial 2: A web browser utility and finally Tutorial 3: A personalized image. By the end of these tutorials, you will have a taste of what can be done with Debian Live.

We encourage you to return to more in-depth study of the manual, perhaps next reading The basics, skimming or skipping Building a netboot image, and finishing by reading the Customization overview and the chapters that follow it. By this point, we hope you are thoroughly excited by what can be done with Debian Live and motivated to read the rest of the manual, cover-to-cover.

1.1 Begriffe

  • Live system: An operating system that can boot without installation to a hard drive. Live systems do not alter local operating system(s) or file(s) already installed on the computer hard drive unless instructed to do so. Live systems are typically booted from media such as CDs, DVDs or USB sticks. Some may also boot over the network.
  • Debian Live: The Debian sub-project which maintains the live-boot, live-build, live-config, and live-manual packages.
  • Debian Live system: A live system that uses software from the Debian operating system that may be booted from CDs, DVDs, USB sticks, over the network (via netboot images), and over the Internet (via boot parameter fetch=URL).
  • Host system: The environment used to create the live system.
  • Target system: The environment used to run the live system.
  • live-boot: A collection of scripts used to boot live systems. live-boot was formerly a part of live-initramfs.
  • live-build: A collection of scripts used to build customized Debian Live systems. live-build was formerly known as live-helper, and even earlier known as live-package.
  • live-config: A collection of scripts used to configure a live system during the boot process. live-config was formerly a part of live-initramfs.
  • live-manual: This document is maintained in a package called live-manual.
  • Debian Installer (d-i): The official installation system for the Debian distribution.
  • Boot parameters: Parameters that can be entered at the bootloader prompt to influence the kernel or live-config.
  • chroot: The chroot program, chroot(8), enables us to run different instances of the GNU/Linux environment on a single system simultaneously without rebooting.
  • Binary image: A file containing the live system, such as binary.iso or binary.img.
  • Target distribution: The distribution upon which your live system will be based. This can differ from the distribution of your host system.
  • stable/testing/unstable: The stable distribution contains the latest officially released distribution of Debian. The testing distribution is the staging area for the next stable release. A major advantage of using this distribution is that it has more recent versions of software relative to the stable release. The unstable distribution is where active development of Debian occurs. Generally, this distribution is run by developers and those who like to live on the edge. Throughout the manual, we tend to use codenames for the releases, such as wheezy or sid, as that is what is supported by the tools themselves.
  • 1.2 Autoren

    Liste der Autoren (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge):

  • Ben Armstrong
  • Brendan Sleight
  • Chris Lamb
  • Daniel Baumann
  • Franklin Piat
  • Jonas Stein
  • Kai Hendry
  • Marco Amadori
  • Mathieu Geli
  • Matthias Kirschner
  • Richard Nelson
  • Trent W. Buck
  • 1.3 Contributing to this document

    This manual is intended as a community project and all proposals for improvements and contributions are extremely welcome. The preferred way to submit a contribution is to send it to the mailing list. Please see the section Contact for more information.

    When submitting a contribution, please clearly identify its copyright holder and include the licensing statement. Note that to be accepted, the contribution must be licensed under the same license as the rest of the document, namely, GPL version 3 or later.

    The sources for this manual are maintained using the Git version control system. You can check out the latest copy by executing:

    $ git clone git://live.debian.net/git/live-manual.git

    Prior to submission of your contribution, please preview your work. To preview the live-manual, ensure the packages needed for building are installed by executing:

    # apt-get install make po4a sisu-complete libnokogiri-ruby

    You may build the live-manual from the top level directory of your Git checkout by executing:

    $ make build

    Since it takes a while to build the manual in all supported languages, you may find it convenient when proofing to build for only one language, e.g. by executing:

    $ make build LANGUAGES=en

    It is also possible to build by document type, e.g:

    $ make build FORMATS=pdf

    Or combine both, e.g:

    $ make build FORMATS=html LANGUAGES=it

    1.3.1 Applying changes

    Anyone can directly commit to the repository. However, we ask you to send bigger changes to the mailing list to discuss them first. To push to the repository, you must follow this procedure:

  • Fetch the public commit key:
  • $ mkdir -p ~/.ssh/identity.d
    $ wget http://live.debian.net/other/keys/git@live.debian.net \
         -O ~/.ssh/identity.d/git@live.debian.net
    $ wget http://live.debian.net/other/keys/git@live.debian.net.pub \
         -O ~/.ssh/identity.d/git@live.debian.net.pub
    $ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/identity.d/git@live.debian.net*

  • Add the following section to your openssh-client config:
  • $ cat >> ~/.ssh/config << EOF
    Host live.debian.net
         Hostname live.debian.net
         User git
         IdentityFile ~/.ssh/identity.d/git@live.debian.net
    EOF

  • Check out a clone of the manual through ssh:
  • $ git clone git@live.debian.net:/live-manual.git
    $ cd live-manual && git checkout debian-next

  • Note that you should commit any changes on the debian-next branch, not on the debian branch.
  • Do not use make commit unless you are updating translations in this commit, and in that case, do not mix changes to the English manual and translations in the same commit, but use separate commits for each. See the Translation section for more details.
  • Write commit messages that consist of complete, meaningful sentences in English, starting with a capital letter and ending with a full stop. Usually, these will start with the form 'Fixing/Adding/Removing/Correcting/Translating', e.g.
  • $ git commit -a -m "Adding a section on applying patches."

  • Push the commit to the server:
  • $ git push

    1.3.2 Translation

    To submit a translation for a new language, follow these three steps:

  • Translate the about_manual.ssi.pot, about_project.ssi.pot and index.html.in.pot files to your language with your favourite editor (such as poedit) . Send translated files to the mailing list. Once we have reviewed your submission, we will add the new language to the manual (providing the po files) and will enable it in the autobuild.
  • Once the new language is added, you can randomly start translating all po files in manual/po/.
  • Don't forget you need make commit to ensure the translated manuals are updated from the po files and then you can review your changes launching make build before git add ., git commit -a -m "Translating..." and git push.
  • Note: Please be aware that even though both make commit and make build remove your build directory, if you build the manual to review your changes as recommended, you may want to clean your git tree before pushing. In order to do that, you can use make clean. This last step is not compulsory thanks to the .gitignore file but it is a good practice to avoid committing files involuntarily.