Configuring Keystone¶
Once Keystone is installed, it is configured via a primary configuration file
(etc/keystone.conf
), a PasteDeploy configuration file
(etc/keystone-paste.ini
), possibly a separate logging configuration file,
and initializing data into Keystone using the command line client.
By default, Keystone starts a service on IANA-assigned port 35357. This may overlap with your system’s ephemeral port range, so another process may already be using this port without being explicitly configured to do so. To prevent this scenario from occurring, it’s recommended that you explicitly exclude port 35357 from the available ephemeral port range. On a Linux system, this would be accomplished by:
$ sysctl -w 'sys.net.ipv4.ip_local_reserved_ports=35357'
To make the above change persistent,
net.ipv4.ip_local_reserved_ports = 35357
should be added to
/etc/sysctl.conf
or to /etc/sysctl.d/keystone.conf
.
Starting and Stopping Keystone under Eventlet¶
Warning
Running keystone under eventlet has been deprecated as of the Kilo release.
Support for utilizing eventlet will be removed as of the M-release. The
recommended deployment is to run keystone in a WSGI server such as Apache
httpd with mod_wsgi
.
Keystone can be run using either its built-in eventlet server or it can be run embedded in a web server. While the eventlet server is convenient and easy to use, it’s lacking in security features that have been developed into Internet- based web servers over the years. As such, running the eventlet server as described in this section is not recommended.
Start Keystone services using the command:
$ keystone-all
Invoking this command starts up two wsgi.Server
instances, admin
(the
administration API) and main
(the primary/public API interface). Both
services are configured to run in a single process.
Note
The separation into admin
and main
interfaces is a historical
anomaly. The new V3 API provides the same interface on both the admin and
main interfaces (this can be configured in keystone-paste.ini
, but the
default is to have both the same). The V2.0 API provides a limited public
API (getting and validating tokens) on main
, and an administrative API
(which can include creating users and such) on the admin
interface.
Stop the process using Control-C
.
Note
If you have not already configured Keystone, it may not start as expected.
Configuration Files¶
The Keystone configuration files are an ini
file format based on Paste, a
common system used to configure Python WSGI based applications. The PasteDeploy
configuration entries (WSGI pipeline definitions) can be provided in a separate
keystone-paste.ini
file, while general and driver-specific configuration
parameters are in the primary configuration file keystone.conf
.
Note
Since keystone’s PasteDeploy configuration file has been separated
from the main keystone configuration file, keystone.conf
, all
local configuration or driver-specific configuration parameters must
go in the main keystone configuration file instead of the PasteDeploy
configuration file, i.e. configuration in keystone-paste.ini
is not supported.
The primary configuration file is organized into the following sections:
[DEFAULT]
- General configuration[assignment]
- Assignment system driver configuration[auth]
- Authentication plugin configuration[cache]
- Caching layer configuration[catalog]
- Service catalog driver configuration[credential]
- Credential system driver configuration[endpoint_filter]
- Endpoint filtering configuration[endpoint_policy]
- Endpoint policy configuration[eventlet_server]
- Eventlet server configuration[eventlet_server_ssl]
- Eventlet server SSL configuration[federation]
- Federation driver configuration[identity]
- Identity system driver configuration[identity_mapping]
- Identity mapping system driver configuration[kvs]
- KVS storage backend configuration[ldap]
- LDAP configuration options[memcache]
- Memcache configuration options[oauth1]
- OAuth 1.0a system driver configuration[os_inherit]
- Inherited role assignment configuration[paste_deploy]
- Pointer to the PasteDeploy configuration file[policy]
- Policy system driver configuration for RBAC[resource]
- Resource system driver configuration[revoke]
- Revocation system driver configuration[role]
- Role system driver configuration[saml]
- SAML configuration options[signing]
- Cryptographic signatures for PKI based tokens[ssl]
- SSL certificate generation configuration[token]
- Token driver & token provider configuration[trust]
- Trust configuration
The Keystone primary configuration file is expected to be named
keystone.conf
. When starting Keystone, you can specify a different
configuration file to use with --config-file
. If you do not specify a
configuration file, Keystone will look in the following directories for a
configuration file, in order:
~/.keystone/
~/
/etc/keystone/
/etc/
PasteDeploy configuration file is specified by the config_file
parameter in
[paste_deploy]
section of the primary configuration file. If the parameter
is not an absolute path, then Keystone looks for it in the same directories as
above. If not specified, WSGI pipeline definitions are loaded from the primary
configuration file.
Domain-specific Drivers¶
Keystone supports the option (disabled by default) to specify identity driver configurations on a domain by domain basis, allowing, for example, a specific domain to have its own LDAP or SQL server. This is configured by specifying the following options:
[identity]
domain_specific_drivers_enabled = True
domain_config_dir = /etc/keystone/domains
Setting domain_specific_drivers_enabled
to True
will enable this
feature, causing Keystone to look in the domain_config_dir
for config files
of the form:
keystone.<domain_name>.conf
Options given in the domain specific configuration file will override those in the primary configuration file for the specified domain only. Domains without a specific configuration file will continue to use the options from the primary configuration file.
Keystone also supports the ability to store the domain-specific configuration options in the keystone SQL database, managed via the Identity API, as opposed to using domain-specific configuration files.
Note
The ability to store and manage configuration options via the Identity API is new and experimental in Kilo.
This capability (which is disabled by default) is enabled by specifying the following options in the main keystone configuration file:
[identity]
domain_specific_drivers_enabled = true
domain_configurations_from_database = true
Once enabled, any existing domain-specific configuration files in the configuration directory will be ignored and only those domain-specific configuration options specified via the Identity API will be used.
Unlike the file-based method of specifying domain-specific configurations,
options specified via the Identity API will become active without needing to
restart the keystone server. For performance reasons, the current state of
configuration options for a domain are cached in the keystone server, and in
multi-process and multi-threaded keystone configurations, the new
configuration options may not become active until the cache has timed out. The
cache settings for domain config options can be adjusted in the general
keystone configuration file (option cache_time
in the domain_config
group).
Note
It is important to notice that when using either of these methods of specifying domain-specific configuration options, the main keystone configuration file is still maintained. Only those options that relate to the Identity driver for users and groups (i.e. specifying whether the driver for this domain is SQL or LDAP, and, if LDAP, the options that define that connection) are supported in a domain-specific manner. Further, when using the configuration options via the Identity API, the driver option must be set to an LDAP driver (attempting to set it to an SQL driver will generate an error when it is subsequently used).
For existing installations that already use file-based domain-specific
configurations who wish to migrate to the SQL-based approach, the
keystone-manage
command can be used to upload all configuration files to
the SQL database:
$ keystone-manage domain_config_upload --all
Once uploaded, these domain-configuration options will be visible via the Identity API as well as applied to the domain-specific drivers. It is also possible to upload individual domain-specific configuration files by specifying the domain name:
$ keystone-manage domain_config_upload --domain-name DOMAINA
Note
It is important to notice that by enabling either of the domain-specific configuration methods, the operations of listing all users and listing all groups are not supported, those calls will need either a domain filter to be specified or usage of a domain scoped token.
Note
Keystone does not support moving the contents of a domain (i.e. “its” users and groups) from one backend to another, nor group membership across backend boundaries.
Note
When using the file-based domain-specific configuration method, to delete a domain that uses a domain specific backend, it’s necessary to first disable it, remove its specific configuration file (i.e. its corresponding keystone.<domain_name>.conf) and then restart the Identity server. When managing configuration options via the Identity API, the domain can simply be disabled and deleted via the Identity API; since any domain-specific configuration options will automatically be removed.
Note
Although Keystone supports multiple LDAP backends via the above domain-specific configuration methods, it currently only supports one SQL backend. This could be either the default driver or a single domain-specific backend, perhaps for storing service users in a predominantly LDAP installation.
Due to the need for user and group IDs to be unique across an OpenStack installation and for Keystone to be able to deduce which domain and backend to use from just a user or group ID, it dynamically builds a persistent identity mapping table from a public ID to the actual domain, local ID (within that backend) and entity type. The public ID is automatically generated by Keystone when it first encounters the entity. If the local ID of the entity is from a backend that does not guarantee to generate UUIDs, a hash algorithm will generate a public ID for that entity, which is what will be exposed by Keystone.
The use of a hash will ensure that if the public ID needs to be regenerated then the same public ID will be created. This is useful if you are running multiple keystones and want to ensure the same ID would be generated whichever server you hit.
While Keystone will dynamically maintain the identity mapping, including removing entries when entities are deleted via the Keystone, for those entities in backends that are managed outside of Keystone (e.g. a Read Only LDAP), Keystone will not know if entities have been deleted and hence will continue to carry stale identity mappings in its table. While benign, keystone provides an ability for operators to purge the mapping table of such stale entries using the keystone-manage command, for example:
$ keystone-manage mapping_purge --domain-name DOMAINA --local-id abc@de.com
A typical usage would be for an operator to obtain a list of those entries in an external backend that had been deleted out-of-band to Keystone, and then call keystone-manage to purge those entries by specifying the domain and local-id. The type of the entity (i.e. user or group) may also be specified if this is needed to uniquely identify the mapping.
Since public IDs can be regenerated with the correct generator implementation, if the details of those entries that have been deleted are not available, then it is safe to simply bulk purge identity mappings periodically, for example:
$ keystone-manage mapping_purge --domain-name DOMAINA
will purge all the mappings for DOMAINA. The entire mapping table can be purged with the following command:
$ keystone-manage mapping_purge --all
Public ID Generators¶
Keystone supports a customizable public ID generator and it is specified in the
[identity_mapping]
section of the configuration file. Keystone provides a
sha256 generator as default, which produces regeneratable public IDs. The
generator algorithm for public IDs is a balance between key size (i.e. the
length of the public ID), the probability of collision and, in some
circumstances, the security of the public ID. The maximum length of public ID
supported by Keystone is 64 characters, and the default generator (sha256) uses
this full capability. Since the public ID is what is exposed externally by
Keystone and potentially stored in external systems, some installations may
wish to make use of other generator algorithms that have a different trade-off
of attributes. A different generator can be installed by configuring the
following property:
generator
- identity mapping generator. Defaults tosha256
(implemented bykeystone.identity.id_generators.sha256.Generator
)
Warning
Changing the generator may cause all existing public IDs to be become invalid, so typically the generator selection should be considered immutable for a given installation.
Authentication Plugins¶
Note
This feature is only supported by Keystone for the Identity API v3 clients.
Keystone supports authentication plugins and they are specified in the
[auth]
section of the configuration file. However, an authentication plugin
may also have its own section in the configuration file. It is up to the plugin
to register its own configuration options.
methods
- comma-delimited list of authentication plugin names<plugin name>
- specify the class which handles to authentication method, in the same manner as one would specify a backend driver.
Keystone provides three authentication methods by default. password
handles
password authentication and token
handles token authentication.
external
is used in conjunction with authentication performed by a
container web server that sets the REMOTE_USER
environment variable. For
more details, refer to External Authentication.
How to Implement an Authentication Plugin¶
All authentication plugins must extend the
keystone.auth.core.AuthMethodHandler
class and implement the
authenticate()
method. The authenticate()
method expects the following
parameters.
context
- Keystone’s request contextauth_payload
- the content of the authentication for a given methodauth_context
- user authentication context, a dictionary shared by all plugins. It containsmethod_names
andextras
by default.method_names
is a list andextras
is a dictionary.
If successful, the authenticate()
method must provide a valid user_id
in auth_context
and return None
. method_name
is used to convey any
additional authentication methods in case authentication is for re-scoping. For
example, if the authentication is for re-scoping, a plugin must append the
previous method names into method_names
. Also, a plugin may add any
additional information into extras
. Anything in extras
will be conveyed
in the token’s extras
field.
If authentication requires multiple steps, the authenticate()
method must
return the payload in the form of a dictionary for the next authentication
step.
If authentication is unsuccessful, the authenticate()
method must raise a
keystone.exception.Unauthorized
exception.
Simply add the new plugin name to the methods
list along with your plugin
class configuration in the [auth]
sections of the configuration file to
deploy it.
If the plugin requires additional configurations, it may register its own section in the configuration file.
Plugins are invoked in the order in which they are specified in the methods
attribute of the authentication
request body. If multiple plugins are
invoked, all plugins must succeed in order to for the entire authentication to
be successful. Furthermore, all the plugins invoked must agree on the
user_id
in the auth_context
.
The REMOTE_USER
environment variable is only set from a containing
webserver. However, to ensure that a user must go through other authentication
mechanisms, even if this variable is set, remove external
from the list of
plugins specified in methods
. This effectively disables external
authentication. For more details, refer to ExternalAuthentication.
Token Persistence Driver¶
Keystone supports customizable token persistence drivers. These can be
specified in the [token]
section of the configuration file. Keystone
provides three non-test persistence backends. These can be set with the
[token] driver
configuration option.
The drivers Keystone provides are:
memcache_pool
- The pooled memcached token persistence engine. This backend supports the concept of pooled memcache client object (allowing for the re-use of the client objects). This backend has a number of extra tunable options in the[memcache]
section of the config. Implemented bykeystone.token.persistence.backends.memcache_pool.Token
sql
- The SQL-based (default) token persistence engine. Implemented bykeystone.token.persistence.backends.sql.Token
memcache
- The memcached based token persistence backend. This backend relies ondogpile.cache
and stores the token data in a set of memcached servers. The servers URLs are specified in the[memcache] servers
configuration option in the Keystone config. Implemented bykeystone.token.persistence.backends.memcache.Token
Warning
It is recommended you use the memcache_pool
backend instead of
memcache
as the token persistence driver if you are deploying Keystone
under eventlet instead of Apache httpd with mod_wsgi
. This
recommendation is due to known issues with the use of thread.local
under eventlet that can allow the leaking of memcache client objects and
consumption of extra sockets.
Token Provider¶
Keystone supports customizable token provider and it is specified in the
[token]
section of the configuration file. Keystone provides both UUID and
PKI token providers. However, users may register their own token provider by
configuring the following property.
provider
- token provider driver. Defaults touuid
. Implemented bykeystone.token.providers.uuid.Provider
UUID, PKI, PKIZ, or Fernet?¶
Each token format uses different technologies to achieve various performance, scaling and architectural requirements.
UUID tokens contain randomly generated UUID4 payloads that are issued and validated by the identity service. They are encoded using their hex digest for transport and are thus URL-friendly. They must be persisted by the identity service in order to be later validated. Revoking them is simply a matter of deleting them from the token persistence backend.
Both PKI and PKIZ tokens contain JSON payloads that represent the entire token
validation response that would normally be retrieved from keystone. The payload
is then signed using Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS). The combination
of CMS and the exhaustive payload allows PKI and PKIZ tokens to be verified
offline using keystone’s public signing key. The only reason for them to be
persisted by the identity service is to later build token revocation lists
(explicit lists of tokens that have been revoked), otherwise they are
theoretically ephemeral when supported by token revocation events (which
describe invalidated tokens rather than enumerate them). PKIZ tokens add zlib
compression after signing to achieve a smaller overall token size. To make them
URL-friendly, PKI tokens are base64 encoded and then arbitrarily manipulated to
replace unsafe characters with safe ones whereas PKIZ tokens use conventional
base64url encoding. Due to the size of the payload and the overhead incurred by
the CMS format, both PKI and PKIZ tokens may be too long to fit in either
headers or URLs if they contain extensive service catalogs or other additional
attributes. Some third-party applications such as web servers and clients may
need to be recompiled from source to customize the limitations that PKI and
PKIZ tokens would otherwise exceed). Both PKI and PKIZ tokens require signing
certificates which may be created using keystone-manage pki_setup
for
demonstration purposes (this is not recommended for production deployments: use
certificates issued by an trusted CA instead).
Fernet tokens contain a limited amount of identity and authorization data in a
MessagePacked payload. The payload is then wrapped as
a Fernet message for transport, where
Fernet provides the required web safe characteristics for use in URLs and
headers. Fernet tokens require symmetric encryption keys which can be
established using keystone-manage fernet_setup
and periodically rotated
using keystone-manage fernet_rotate
.
Warning
UUID, PKI, PKIZ, and Fernet tokens are all bearer tokens, meaning that they must be protected from unnecessary disclosure to prevent unauthorized access.
Caching Layer¶
Keystone supports a caching layer that is above the configurable subsystems
(e.g. token
, identity
, etc). Keystone uses the dogpile.cache library
which allows for flexible cache backends. The majority of the caching
configuration options are set in the [cache]
section. However, each section
that has the capability to be cached usually has a caching
boolean value
that will toggle caching for that specific section. The current default
behavior is that subsystem caching is enabled, but the global toggle is set to
disabled.
[cache]
configuration section:¶
enabled
- enables/disables caching across all of keystonedebug_cache_backend
- enables more in-depth logging from the cache backend (get, set, delete, etc)backend
- the caching backend module to use e.g.dogpile.cache.memcached
Note
A given
backend
must be registered withdogpile.cache
before it can be used. The default backend is theKeystone
no-op backend (keystone.common.cache.noop
). If caching is desired a different backend will need to be specified. Current functional backends are:dogpile.cache.memcached
- Memcached backend using the standard python-memcached library (recommended for use with Apache httpd withmod_wsgi
)dogpile.cache.pylibmc
- Memcached backend using the pylibmc librarydogpile.cache.bmemcached
- Memcached using python-binary-memcached library.dogpile.cache.redis
- Redis backenddogpile.cache.dbm
- local DBM file backenddogpile.cache.memory
- in-memory cachekeystone.cache.mongo
- MongoDB as caching backendkeystone.cache.memcache_pool
- An eventlet-safe implementation ofdogpile.cache.memcached
. This implementation also provides client connection re-use.Warning
dogpile.cache.memory
is not suitable for use outside of unit testing as it does not cleanup its internal cache on cache expiration, does not provide isolation to the cached data (values in the store can be inadvertently changed without extra layers of data protection added), and does not share cache between processes. This means that caching and cache invalidation will not be consistent or reliable when usingKeystone
and thedogpile.cache.memory
backend under any real workload.Warning
Do not use
dogpile.cache.memcached
backend if you are deploying Keystone under eventlet. There are known issues with the use ofthread.local
under eventlet that can allow the leaking of memcache client objects and consumption of extra sockets.
expiration_time
- int, the default length of time to cache a specific value. A value of0
indicates to not cache anything. It is recommended that theenabled
option be used to disable cache instead of setting this to0
.backend_argument
- an argument passed to the backend when instantiatedbackend_argument
should be specified once per argument to be passed to the backend and in the format of<argument name>:<argument value>
. e.g.:backend_argument = host:localhost
proxies
- comma delimited list of ProxyBackends e.g.my.example.Proxy, my.example.Proxy2
- Current Keystone systems that have caching capabilities:
token
The token system has a separate
cache_time
configuration option, that can be set to a value above or below the globalexpiration_time
default, allowing for different caching behavior from the other systems inKeystone
. This option is set in the[token]
section of the configuration file.The Token Revocation List cache time is handled by the configuration option
revocation_cache_time
in the[token]
section. The revocation list is refreshed whenever a token is revoked. It typically sees significantly more requests than specific token retrievals or token validation calls.
resource
The resource system has a separate
cache_time
configuration option, that can be set to a value above or below the globalexpiration_time
default, allowing for different caching behavior from the other systems inKeystone
. This option is set in the[resource]
section of the configuration file.Currently
resource
has caching forproject
anddomain
specific requests (primarily around the CRUD actions). Thelist_projects
andlist_domains
methods are not subject to caching.Warning
Be aware that if a read-only
resource
backend is in use, the cache will not immediately reflect changes on the back end. Any given change may take up to thecache_time
(if set in the[resource]
section of the configuration) or the globalexpiration_time
(set in the[cache]
section of the configuration) before it is reflected. If this type of delay (when using a read-onlyresource
backend) is an issue, it is recommended that caching be disabled onresource
. To disable caching specifically onresource
, in the[resource]
section of the configuration setcaching
toFalse
.
role
Currently
role
has caching forget_role
, but not forlist_roles
. The role system has a separatecache_time
configuration option, that can be set to a value above or below the globalexpiration_time
default, allowing for different caching behavior from the other systems inKeystone
. This option is set in the[role]
section of the configuration file.Warning
Be aware that if a read-only
role
backend is in use, the cache will not immediately reflect changes on the back end. Any given change may take up to thecache_time
(if set in the[role]
section of the configuration) or the globalexpiration_time
(set in the[cache]
section of the configuration) before it is reflected. If this type of delay (when using a read-onlyrole
backend) is an issue, it is recommended that caching be disabled onrole
. To disable caching specifically onrole
, in the[role]
section of the configuration setcaching
toFalse
.
- For more information about the different backends (and configuration options):
- dogpile.cache.backends.memory
- dogpile.cache.backends.memcached
- dogpile.cache.backends.redis
- dogpile.cache.backends.file
keystone.common.cache.backends.mongo
Certificates for PKI¶
PKI stands for Public Key Infrastructure. Tokens are documents,
cryptographically signed using the X509 standard. In order to work correctly
token generation requires a public/private key pair. The public key must be
signed in an X509 certificate, and the certificate used to sign it must be
available as Certificate Authority (CA) certificate. These files can be either
externally generated or generated using the keystone-manage
utility.
The files used for signing and verifying certificates are set in the Keystone
configuration file. The private key should only be readable by the system user
that will run Keystone. The values that specify the certificates are under the
[signing]
section of the configuration file. The configuration values are:
certfile
- Location of certificate used to verify tokens. Default is/etc/keystone/ssl/certs/signing_cert.pem
keyfile
- Location of private key used to sign tokens. Default is/etc/keystone/ssl/private/signing_key.pem
ca_certs
- Location of certificate for the authority that issued the above certificate. Default is/etc/keystone/ssl/certs/ca.pem
Signing Certificate Issued by External CA¶
You may use a signing certificate issued by an external CA instead of generated
by keystone-manage
. However, certificate issued by external CA must satisfy
the following conditions:
- all certificate and key files must be in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format
- private key files must not be protected by a password
The basic workflow for using a signing certificate issued by an external CA involves:
- Request Signing Certificate from External CA
- Convert certificate and private key to PEM if needed
- Install External Signing Certificate
Request Signing Certificate from External CA¶
One way to request a signing certificate from an external CA is to first generate a PKCS #10 Certificate Request Syntax (CRS) using OpenSSL CLI.
First create a certificate request configuration file (e.g. cert_req.conf
):
[ req ]
default_bits = 2048
default_keyfile = keystonekey.pem
default_md = default
prompt = no
distinguished_name = distinguished_name
[ distinguished_name ]
countryName = US
stateOrProvinceName = CA
localityName = Sunnyvale
organizationName = OpenStack
organizationalUnitName = Keystone
commonName = Keystone Signing
emailAddress = keystone@openstack.org
Then generate a CRS with OpenSSL CLI. Do not encrypt the generated private key. The -nodes option must be used.
For example:
$ openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout signing_key.pem -keyform PEM -out signing_cert_req.pem -outform PEM -config cert_req.conf -nodes
If everything is successfully, you should end up with signing_cert_req.pem
and signing_key.pem
. Send signing_cert_req.pem
to your CA to request a
token signing certificate and make sure to ask the certificate to be in PEM
format. Also, make sure your trusted CA certificate chain is also in PEM
format.
Install External Signing Certificate¶
Assuming you have the following already:
signing_cert.pem
- (Keystone token) signing certificate in PEM formatsigning_key.pem
- corresponding (non-encrypted) private key in PEM formatcacert.pem
- trust CA certificate chain in PEM format
Copy the above to your certificate directory. For example:
$ mkdir -p /etc/keystone/ssl/certs
$ cp signing_cert.pem /etc/keystone/ssl/certs/
$ cp signing_key.pem /etc/keystone/ssl/certs/
$ cp cacert.pem /etc/keystone/ssl/certs/
$ chmod -R 700 /etc/keystone/ssl/certs
Make sure the certificate directory is root-protected.
If your certificate directory path is different from the default
/etc/keystone/ssl/certs
, make sure it is reflected in the [signing]
section of the configuration file.
Generating a Signing Certificate using pki_setup¶
keystone-manage pki_setup
is a development tool. We recommend that you do
not use keystone-manage pki_setup
in a production environment. In
production, an external CA should be used instead. This is because the CA
secret key should generally be kept apart from the token signing secret keys so
that a compromise of a node does not lead to an attacker being able to generate
valid signed Keystone tokens. This is a low probability attack vector, as
compromise of a Keystone service machine’s filesystem security almost certainly
means the attacker will be able to gain direct access to the token backend.
When using the keystone-manage pki_setup
to generate the certificates, the
following configuration options in the [signing]
section are used:
ca_key
- Default is/etc/keystone/ssl/private/cakey.pem
key_size
- Default is2048
valid_days
- Default is3650
If keystone-manage pki_setup
is not used then these options don’t need to
be set.
Encryption Keys for Fernet¶
keystone-manage fernet_setup
will attempt to create a key repository as
configured in the [fernet_tokens]
section of keystone.conf
and
bootstrap it with encryption keys.
A single 256-bit key is actually composed of two smaller keys: a 128-bit key used for SHA256 HMAC signing and a 128-bit key used for AES encryption. See the Fernet token specification for more detail.
keystone-manage fernet_rotate
will rotate encryption keys through the
following states:
- Staged key: In a key rotation, a new key is introduced into the rotation in this state. Only one key is considered to be the staged key at any given time. This key will become the primary during the next key rotation. This key is only used to validate tokens and serves to avoid race conditions in multi-node deployments (all nodes should recognize all primary keys in the deployment at all times). In a multi-node Keystone deployment this would allow for the staged key to be replicated to all Keystone nodes before being promoted to primary on a single node. This prevents the case where a primary key is created on one Keystone node and tokens encrypted/signed with that new primary are rejected on another Keystone node because the new primary doesn’t exist there yet.
- Primary key: In a key rotation, the old staged key is promoted to be the primary. Only one key is considered to be the primary key at any given time. This is the key used to generate new tokens. This key is also used to validate previously generated tokens.
- Secondary keys: In a key rotation, the old primary key is demoted to be
a secondary key. Secondary keys are only used to validate previously
generated tokens. You can maintain any number of secondary keys, up to
[fernet_tokens] max_active_keys
(where “active” refers to the sum of all recognized keys in any state: staged, primary or secondary). Whenmax_active_keys
is exceeded during a key rotation, the oldest keys are discarded.
When a new primary key is created, all new tokens will be encrypted using the
new primary key. The old primary key is demoted to a secondary key, which can
still be used for validating tokens. Excess secondary keys (beyond
[fernet_tokens] max_active_keys
) are revoked. Revoked keys are permanently
deleted.
Rotating keys too frequently, or with [fernet_tokens] max_active_keys
set
too low, will cause tokens to become invalid prior to their expiration.
Service Catalog¶
Keystone provides two configuration options for your service catalog.
SQL-based Service Catalog (sql.Catalog
)¶
A dynamic database-backed driver fully supporting persistent configuration.
keystone.conf
example:
[catalog]
driver = sql
Note
A template_file does not need to be defined for the sql.Catalog driver.
To build your service catalog using this driver, see the built-in help:
$ openstack --help
$ openstack help service create
$ openstack help endpoint create
You can also refer to an example in Keystone (tools/sample_data.sh).
File-based Service Catalog (templated.Catalog
)¶
The templated catalog is an in-memory backend initialized from a read-only
template_file
. Choose this option only if you know that your service
catalog will not change very much over time.
Note
Attempting to change your service catalog against this driver will result
in HTTP 501 Not Implemented
errors. This is the expected behavior. If
you want to use these commands, you must instead use the SQL-based Service
Catalog driver.
keystone.conf
example:
[catalog]
driver = templated
template_file = /opt/stack/keystone/etc/default_catalog.templates
The value of template_file
is expected to be an absolute path to your
service catalog configuration. An example template_file
is included in
Keystone, however you should create your own to reflect your deployment.
Another such example is available in devstack (files/default_catalog.templates).
Endpoint Filtering enables creation of ad-hoc catalogs for each project-scoped token request.
Configure the endpoint filter catalog driver in the [catalog]
section.
For example:
[catalog]
driver = catalog_sql
In the [endpoint_filter]
section, set return_all_endpoints_if_no_filter
to False
to return an empty catalog if no associations are made.
For example:
[endpoint_filter]
return_all_endpoints_if_no_filter = False
See API Specification for Endpoint Filtering for the details of API definition.
Note
Support status for Endpoint Filtering
Experimental (Icehouse, Juno) Stable (Kilo)
Logging¶
Logging is configured externally to the rest of Keystone. Configure the path to
your logging configuration file using the [DEFAULT] log_config_append
option of keystone.conf
. If you wish to route all your logging through
syslog, set the [DEFAULT] use_syslog
option.
A sample log_config_append
file is included with the project at
etc/logging.conf.sample
. Like other OpenStack projects, Keystone uses the
Python logging module, which includes extensive configuration options for
choosing the output levels and formats.
SSL¶
Keystone may be configured to support SSL and 2-way SSL out-of-the-box. The
X509 certificates used by Keystone can be generated by keystone-manage
or obtained externally and configured for use with Keystone as described in
this section. Here is the description of each of them and their purpose:
Warning
The SSL configuration options available to the eventlet server
(keystone-all
) described here are severely limited. A secure
deployment should have Keystone running in a web server (such as Apache
httpd), or behind an SSL terminator. When running Keystone in a web server
or behind an SSL terminator the options described in this section have no
effect and SSL is configured in the web server or SSL terminator.
Types of certificates¶
cacert.pem
: Certificate Authority chain to validate against.ssl_cert.pem
: Public certificate for Keystone server.middleware.pem
: Public and private certificate for Keystone middleware/client.cakey.pem
: Private key for the CA.ssl_key.pem
: Private key for the Keystone server.
Note that you may choose whatever names you want for these certificates, or combine the public/private keys in the same file if you wish. These certificates are just provided as an example.
Configuration¶
To enable SSL modify the etc/keystone.conf
file under the [ssl]
and
[eventlet_server_ssl]
sections. The following is an SSL configuration
example using the included sample certificates:
[eventlet_server_ssl]
enable = True
certfile = <path to keystone.pem>
keyfile = <path to keystonekey.pem>
ca_certs = <path to ca.pem>
cert_required = False
[ssl]
ca_key = <path to cakey.pem>
key_size = 1024
valid_days=3650
cert_subject=/C=US/ST=Unset/L=Unset/O=Unset/CN=localhost
enable
: True enables SSL. Defaults to False.certfile
: Path to Keystone public certificate file.keyfile
: Path to Keystone private certificate file. If the private key is included in the certfile, the keyfile may be omitted.ca_certs
: Path to CA trust chain.cert_required
: Requires client certificate. Defaults to False.
When generating SSL certificates the following values are read
key_size
: Key size to create. Defaults to 1024.valid_days
: How long the certificate is valid for. Defaults to 3650 (10 years).ca_key
: The private key for the CA. Defaults to/etc/keystone/ssl/certs/cakey.pem
.cert_subject
: The subject to set in the certificate. Defaults to/C=US/ST=Unset/L=Unset/O=Unset/CN=localhost
. When setting the subject it is important to set CN to be the address of the server so client validation will succeed. This generally means having the subject be at least/CN=<keystone ip>
Generating SSL certificates¶
Certificates for encrypted HTTP communication can be generated by:
$ keystone-manage ssl_setup
This will create a private key, a public key and a certificate that will be used to encrypt communications with keystone. In the event that a Certificate Authority is not given a testing one will be created.
It is likely in a production environment that these certificates will be
created and provided externally. Note that ssl_setup
is a development tool
and is only recommended for developments environment. We do not recommend using
ssl_setup
for production environments.
User CRUD additions for the V2.0 API¶
For the V2.0 API, Keystone provides an additional capability that allows users to use a HTTP PATCH to change their own password.
Each user can then change their own password with a HTTP PATCH :
$ curl -X PATCH http://localhost:5000/v2.0/OS-KSCRUD/users/<userid> -H "Content-type: application/json" \
-H "X_Auth_Token: <authtokenid>" -d '{"user": {"password": "ABCD", "original_password": "DCBA"}}'
In addition to changing their password all of the user’s current tokens will be revoked.
Inherited Role Assignments¶
Keystone provides an optional capability to assign roles on a project or domain
that, rather than affect the project or domain itself, are instead inherited to
the project subtree or to all projects owned by that domain. This capability is
enabled by default, but can be disabled by including the following in
keystone.conf
:
[os_inherit]
enabled = False
Endpoint Policy¶
The Endpoint Policy feature provides associations between service endpoints and policies that are already stored in the Identity server and referenced by a policy ID.
Configure the endpoint policy backend driver in the [endpoint_policy]
section. For example:
[endpoint_policy]
driver = sql
See API Specification for Endpoint Policy for the details of API definition.
Note
Support status for Endpoint Policy
Experimental (Juno) Stable (Kilo)
OAuth1 1.0a¶
The OAuth 1.0a feature provides the ability for Identity users to delegate roles to third party consumers via the OAuth 1.0a specification.
To enable OAuth1:
- Add the oauth1 driver to the
[oauth1]
section inkeystone.conf
. For example:
[oauth1]
driver = sql
- Add the
oauth1
authentication method to the[auth]
section inkeystone.conf
:
[auth]
methods = external,password,token,oauth1
- If deploying under Apache httpd with
mod_wsgi
, set the WSGIPassAuthorization to allow the OAuth Authorization headers to pass through mod_wsgi. For example, add the following to the keystone virtual host file:
WSGIPassAuthorization On
See API Specification for OAuth 1.0a for the details of API definition.
Note
Support status for OAuth 1.0a
Experimental (Havana, Icehouse) Stable (Juno)
Revocation Events¶
The Revocation Events feature provides a list of token revocations. Each event expresses a set of criteria which describes a set of tokens that are no longer valid.
Add the revoke backend driver to the [revoke]
section in
keystone.conf
. For example:
[revoke]
driver = sql
See API Specification for Revocation Events for the details of API definition.
Note
Support status for Revocation Events
Experimental (Juno) Stable (Kilo)
Token Binding¶
Token binding refers to the practice of embedding information from external authentication providers (like a company’s Kerberos server) inside the token such that a client may enforce that the token only be used in conjunction with that specified authentication. This is an additional security mechanism as it means that if a token is stolen it will not be usable without also providing the external authentication.
To activate token binding you must specify the types of authentication that
token binding should be used for in keystone.conf
e.g.:
[token]
bind = kerberos
Currently only kerberos
is supported.
To enforce checking of token binding the enforce_token_bind
parameter
should be set to one of the following modes:
disabled
disable token bind checkingpermissive
enable bind checking, if a token is bound to a mechanism that is unknown to the server then ignore it. This is the default.strict
enable bind checking, if a token is bound to a mechanism that is unknown to the server then this token should be rejected.required
enable bind checking and require that at least 1 bind mechanism is used for tokens.named enable bind checking and require that the specified authentication mechanism is used. e.g.:
[token] enforce_token_bind = kerberos
Do not set
enforce_token_bind = named
as there is not an authentication mechanism callednamed
.
Limiting the number of entities returned in a collection¶
Keystone provides a method of setting a limit to the number of entities
returned in a collection, which is useful to prevent overly long response times
for list queries that have not specified a sufficiently narrow filter. This
limit can be set globally by setting list_limit
in the default section of
keystone.conf
, with no limit set by default. Individual driver sections may
override this global value with a specific limit, for example:
[resource]
list_limit = 100
If a response to list_{entity}
call has been truncated, then the response
status code will still be 200 (OK), but the truncated
attribute in the
collection will be set to true
.
URL safe naming of projects and domains¶
In the future, keystone may offer the ability to identify a project in a hierarchy via a URL style of naming from the root of the hierarchy (for example specifying ‘projectA/projectB/projectC’ as the project name in an authentication request). In order to prepare for this, keystone supports the optional ability to ensure both projects and domains are named without including any of the reserverd characters specified in section 2.2 of rfc3986.
The safety of the names of projects and domains can be controlled via two configuration options:
[resource]
project_name_url_safe = off
domain_name_url_safe = off
When set to off
(which is the default), no checking is done on the URL
safeness of names. When set to new
, an attempt to create a new project or
domain with an unsafe name (or update the name of a project or domain to be
unsafe) will cause a status code of 400 (Bad Request) to be returned. Setting
the configuration option to strict
will, in addition to preventing the
creation and updating of entities with unsafe names, cause an authentication
attempt which specifies a project or domain name that is unsafe to return a
status code of 401 (Unauthorized).
It is recommended that installations take the steps necessary to where they
can run with both options set to strict
as soon as is practical.
Sample Configuration Files¶
The etc/
folder distributed with Keystone contains example configuration
files for each Server application.
etc/keystone.conf.sample
etc/keystone-paste.ini
etc/logging.conf.sample
etc/default_catalog.templates
etc/sso_callback_template.html
Keystone API protection with Role Based Access Control (RBAC)¶
Like most OpenStack projects, Keystone supports the protection of its APIs by defining policy rules based on an RBAC approach. These are stored in a JSON policy file, the name and location of which is set in the main Keystone configuration file.
Each Keystone v3 API has a line in the policy file which dictates what level of protection is applied to it, where each line is of the form:
<api name>: <rule statement> or <match statement>
where:
<rule statement>
can contain <rule statement>
or <match statement>
<match statement>
is a set of identifiers that must match between the token
provided by the caller of the API and the parameters or target entities of the
API call in question. For example:
"identity:create_user": "role:admin and domain_id:%(user.domain_id)s"
Indicates that to create a user you must have the admin role in your token and in addition the domain_id in your token (which implies this must be a domain scoped token) must match the domain_id in the user object you are trying to create. In other words, you must have the admin role on the domain in which you are creating the user, and the token you are using must be scoped to that domain.
Each component of a match statement is of the form:
<attribute from token>:<constant> or <attribute related to API call>
The following attributes are available
Attributes from token: user_id, the domain_id or project_id depending on the scope, and the list of roles you have within that scope
Attributes related to API call: Any parameters that are passed into the API call are available, along with any filters specified in the query string. Attributes of objects passed can be referenced using an object.attribute syntax (e.g. user.domain_id). The target objects of an API are also available using a target.object.attribute syntax. For instance:
"identity:delete_user": "role:admin and domain_id:%(target.user.domain_id)s"
would ensure that the user object that is being deleted is in the same domain as the token provided.
Every target object (except token) has an id and a name available as target.<object>.id and target.<object>.name. Other attributes are retrieved from the database and vary between object types. Moreover, some database fields are filtered out (e.g. user passwords).
List of object attributes:
- role:
- target.role.domain_id
- target.role.id
- target.role.name
- user:
- target.user.default_project_id
- target.user.description
- target.user.domain_id
- target.user.enabled
- target.user.id
- target.user.name
- group:
- target.group.description
- target.group.domain_id
- target.group.id
- target.group.name
- domain:
- target.domain.enabled
- target.domain.id
- target.domain.name
- project:
- target.project.description
- target.project.domain_id
- target.project.enabled
- target.project.id
- target.project.name
- token
- target.token.user_id
- target.token.user.domain.id
The default policy.json file supplied provides a somewhat basic example of API protection, and does not assume any particular use of domains. For multi-domain configuration installations where, for example, a cloud provider wishes to allow administration of the contents of a domain to be delegated, it is recommended that the supplied policy.v3cloudsample.json is used as a basis for creating a suitable production policy file. This example policy file also shows the use of an admin_domain to allow a cloud provider to enable cloud administrators to have wider access across the APIs.
A clean installation would need to perhaps start with the standard policy file, to allow creation of the admin_domain with the first users within it. The domain_id of the admin domain would then be obtained and could be pasted into a modified version of policy.v3cloudsample.json which could then be enabled as the main policy file.
Preparing your deployment¶
Step 1: Configure keystone.conf¶
Ensure that your keystone.conf
is configured to use a SQL driver:
[identity]
driver = sql
You may also want to configure your [database]
settings to better reflect
your environment:
[database]
connection = sqlite:///keystone.db
idle_timeout = 200
Note
It is important that the database that you specify be different from the one containing your existing install.
Step 2: Sync your new, empty database¶
You should now be ready to initialize your new database without error, using:
$ keystone-manage db_sync
To test this, you should now be able to start keystone-all
and use the
OpenStack Client to list your projects (which should successfully return an
empty list from your new database):
$ openstack --os-token ADMIN --os-url http://127.0.0.1:35357/v2.0/ project list
Note
We’re providing the default OS_TOKEN and OS_URL values from
keystone.conf
to connect to the Keystone service. If you changed those
values, or deployed Keystone to a different endpoint, you will need to
change the provided command accordingly.
Initializing Keystone¶
keystone-manage
is designed to execute commands that cannot be administered
through the normal REST API. At the moment, the following calls are supported:
db_sync
: Sync the database.db_version
: Print the current migration version of the database.domain_config_upload
: Upload domain configuration file.fernet_rotate
: Rotate keys in the Fernet key repository.fernet_setup
: Setup a Fernet key repository.mapping_engine
: Test your federation mapping rules.mapping_purge
: Purge the identity mapping table.pki_setup
: Initialize the certificates used to sign tokens.saml_idp_metadata
: Generate identity provider metadata.ssl_setup
: Generate certificates for SSL.token_flush
: Purge expired tokens
Invoking keystone-manage
by itself will give you additional usage
information.
The private key used for token signing can only be read by its owner. This
prevents unauthorized users from spuriously signing tokens.
keystone-manage pki_setup
Should be run as the same system user that will
be running the Keystone service to ensure proper ownership for the private key
file and the associated certificates.
Adding Users, Projects, and Roles via Command Line Interfaces¶
Keystone APIs are protected by the rules in the policy file. The default policy
rules require admin credentials to administer users
, projects
, and
roles
. See section
Keystone API protection with Role Based Access Control (RBAC) for more
details on policy files.
The Keystone command line interface packaged in python-keystoneclient only supports the Identity v2.0 API. The OpenStack common command line interface packaged in python-openstackclient supports both v2.0 and v3 APIs.
With both command line interfaces there are two ways to configure the client to use admin credentials, using either an existing token or password credentials.
Note
As of the Juno release, it is recommended to use
python-openstackclient
, as it supports both v2.0 and v3 APIs. For the
purpose of backwards compatibility, the CLI packaged in
python-keystoneclient
is not being removed.
Authenticating with a Token¶
Note
If your Keystone deployment is brand new, you will need to use this
authentication method, along with your [DEFAULT] admin_token
.
To authenticate with Keystone using a token and python-openstackclient
, set
the following flags.
--os-url OS_URL
: Keystone endpoint the user communicates with--os-token OS_TOKEN
: User’s service token
To administer a Keystone endpoint, your token should be either belong to a user
with the admin
role, or, if you haven’t created one yet, should be equal to
the value defined by [DEFAULT] admin_token
in your keystone.conf
.
You can also set these variables in your environment so that they do not need to be passed as arguments each time:
$ export OS_URL=http://localhost:35357/v2.0
$ export OS_TOKEN=ADMIN
Instead of python-openstackclient
, if using python-keystoneclient
, set
the following:
--os-endpoint OS_SERVICE_ENDPOINT
: equivalent to--os-url OS_URL
--os-service-token OS_SERVICE_TOKEN
: equivalent to--os-token OS_TOKEN
Authenticating with a Password¶
To authenticate with Keystone using a password and python-openstackclient
,
set the following flags, note that the following user referenced below should
be granted the admin
role.
--os-username OS_USERNAME
: Name of your user--os-password OS_PASSWORD
: Password for your user--os-project-name OS_PROJECT_NAME
: Name of your project--os-auth-url OS_AUTH_URL
: URL of the Keystone authentication server
You can also set these variables in your environment so that they do not need to be passed as arguments each time:
$ export OS_USERNAME=my_username
$ export OS_PASSWORD=my_password
$ export OS_PROJECT_NAME=my_project
$ export OS_AUTH_URL=http://localhost:35357/v2.0
If using python-keystoneclient
, set the following instead:
--os-tenant-name OS_TENANT_NAME
: equivalent to--os-project-name OS_PROJECT_NAME
Example usage¶
python-openstackclient
is set up to expect commands in the general form of:
$ openstack [<global-options>] <object-1> <action> [<object-2>] [<command-arguments>]
For example, the commands user list
and project create
can be invoked
as follows:
# Using token authentication, with environment variables
$ export OS_URL=http://127.0.0.1:35357/v2.0/
$ export OS_TOKEN=secrete_token
$ openstack user list
$ openstack project create demo
# Using token authentication, with flags
$ openstack --os-token=secrete --os-url=http://127.0.0.1:35357/v2.0/ user list
$ openstack --os-token=secrete --os-url=http://127.0.0.1:35357/v2.0/ project create demo
# Using password authentication, with environment variables
$ export OS_USERNAME=admin
$ export OS_PASSWORD=secrete
$ export OS_PROJECT_NAME=admin
$ export OS_AUTH_URL=http://localhost:35357/v2.0
$ openstack user list
$ openstack project create demo
# Using password authentication, with flags
$ openstack --os-username=admin --os-password=secrete --os-project-name=admin --os-auth-url=http://localhost:35357/v2.0 user list
$ openstack --os-username=admin --os-password=secrete --os-project-name=admin --os-auth-url=http://localhost:35357/v2.0 project create demo
Removing Expired Tokens¶
In the SQL backend expired tokens are not automatically removed. These tokens can be removed with:
$ keystone-manage token_flush
The memcache backend automatically discards expired tokens and so flushing is unnecessary and if attempted will fail with a NotImplemented error.
Configuring the LDAP Identity Provider¶
As an alternative to the SQL Database backing store, Keystone can use a directory server to provide the Identity service. An example Schema for OpenStack would look like this:
dn: dc=openstack,dc=org
dc: openstack
objectClass: dcObject
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: openstack
dn: ou=Projects,dc=openstack,dc=org
objectClass: top
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: groups
dn: ou=Users,dc=openstack,dc=org
objectClass: top
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: users
dn: ou=Roles,dc=openstack,dc=org
objectClass: top
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: roles
The corresponding entries in the Keystone configuration file are:
[ldap]
url = ldap://localhost
user = dc=Manager,dc=openstack,dc=org
password = badpassword
suffix = dc=openstack,dc=org
use_dumb_member = False
allow_subtree_delete = False
user_tree_dn = ou=Users,dc=openstack,dc=org
user_objectclass = inetOrgPerson
The default object classes and attributes are intentionally simplistic. They reflect the common standard objects according to the LDAP RFCs. However, in a live deployment, the correct attributes can be overridden to support a preexisting, more complex schema. For example, in the user object, the objectClass posixAccount from RFC2307 is very common. If this is the underlying objectclass, then the uid field should probably be uidNumber and username field either uid or cn. To change these two fields, the corresponding entries in the Keystone configuration file are:
[ldap]
user_id_attribute = uidNumber
user_name_attribute = cn
There is a set of allowed actions per object type that you can modify depending on your specific deployment. For example, the users are managed by another tool and you have only read access, in such case the configuration is:
[ldap]
user_allow_create = False
user_allow_update = False
user_allow_delete = False
There are some configuration options for filtering users, tenants and roles, if the backend is providing too much output, in such case the configuration will look like:
[ldap]
user_filter = (memberof=CN=openstack-users,OU=workgroups,DC=openstack,DC=org)
In case that the directory server does not have an attribute enabled of type boolean for the user, there is several configuration parameters that can be used to extract the value from an integer attribute like in Active Directory:
[ldap]
user_enabled_attribute = userAccountControl
user_enabled_mask = 2
user_enabled_default = 512
In this case the attribute is an integer and the enabled attribute is listed in bit 1, so the if the mask configured user_enabled_mask is different from 0, it gets the value from the field user_enabled_attribute and it makes an ADD operation with the value indicated on user_enabled_mask and if the value matches the mask then the account is disabled.
It also saves the value without mask to the user identity in the attribute enabled_nomask. This is needed in order to set it back in case that we need to change it to enable/disable a user because it contains more information than the status like password expiration. Last setting user_enabled_mask is needed in order to create a default value on the integer attribute (512 = NORMAL ACCOUNT on AD)
In case of Active Directory the classes and attributes could not match the specified classes in the LDAP module so you can configure them like:
[ldap]
user_objectclass = person
user_id_attribute = cn
user_name_attribute = cn
user_description_attribute = displayName
user_mail_attribute = mail
user_enabled_attribute = userAccountControl
user_enabled_mask = 2
user_enabled_default = 512
user_attribute_ignore = tenant_id,tenants
Debugging LDAP¶
For additional information on LDAP connections, performance (such as slow
response time), or field mappings, setting debug_level
in the [ldap]
section is used to enable debugging:
debug_level = 4095
This setting in turn sets OPT_DEBUG_LEVEL in the underlying python library. This field is a bit mask (integer), and the possible flags are documented in the OpenLDAP manpages. Commonly used values include 255 and 4095, with 4095 being more verbose.
Warning
Enabling debug_level
will negatively impact performance.
Enabled Emulation¶
Some directory servers do not provide any enabled attribute. For these servers,
the user_enabled_emulation
attribute has been created. It is enabled by
setting the respective flags to True. Then the attribute
user_enabled_emulation_dn
may be set to specify how the enabled users are
selected. This attribute works by using a groupOfNames
entry and adding
whichever users or that you want enabled to the respective group with the
member
attribute. For example, this will mark any user who is a member of
enabled_users
as enabled:
[ldap]
user_enabled_emulation = True
user_enabled_emulation_dn = cn=enabled_users,cn=groups,dc=openstack,dc=org
The default values for user enabled emulation DN is
cn=enabled_users,$user_tree_dn
.
If a different LDAP schema is used for group membership, it is possible to use
the group_objectclass
and group_member_attribute
attributes to
determine membership in the enabled emulation group by setting the
user_enabled_emulation_use_group_config
attribute to True.
Secure Connection¶
If you are using a directory server to provide the Identity service, it is strongly recommended that you utilize a secure connection from Keystone to the directory server. In addition to supporting LDAP, Keystone also provides Transport Layer Security (TLS) support. There are some basic configuration options for enabling TLS, identifying a single file or directory that contains certificates for all the Certificate Authorities that the Keystone LDAP client will recognize, and declaring what checks the client should perform on server certificates. This functionality can easily be configured as follows:
[ldap]
use_tls = True
tls_cacertfile = /etc/keystone/ssl/certs/cacert.pem
tls_cacertdir = /etc/keystone/ssl/certs/
tls_req_cert = demand
A few points worth mentioning regarding the above options. If both tls_cacertfile and tls_cacertdir are set then tls_cacertfile will be used and tls_cacertdir is ignored. Furthermore, valid options for tls_req_cert are demand, never, and allow. These correspond to the standard options permitted by the TLS_REQCERT TLS option.
Read Only LDAP¶
Many environments typically have user and group information in directories that are accessible by LDAP. This information is for read-only use in a wide array of applications. Prior to the Havana release, we could not deploy Keystone with read-only directories as backends because Keystone also needed to store information such as projects, roles, domains and role assignments into the directories in conjunction with reading user and group information.
Keystone now provides an option whereby these read-only directories can be
easily integrated as it now enables its identity entities (which comprises
users, groups, and group memberships) to be served out of directories while
resource (which comprises projects and domains), assignment and role
entities are to be served from different Keystone backends (i.e. SQL). To
enable this option, you must have the following keystone.conf
options set:
[identity]
driver = ldap
[resource]
driver = sql
[assignment]
driver = sql
[role]
driver = sql
With the above configuration, Keystone will only lookup identity related
information such users, groups, and group membership from the directory, while
resources, roles and assignment related information will be provided by the SQL
backend. Also note that if there is an LDAP Identity, and no resource,
assignment or role backend is specified, they will default to LDAP. Although
this may seem counter intuitive, it is provided for backwards compatibility.
Nonetheless, the explicit option will always override the implicit option, so
specifying the options as shown above will always be correct. Finally, it is
also worth noting that whether or not the LDAP accessible directory is to be
considered read only is still configured as described in a previous section
above by setting values such as the following in the [ldap]
configuration
section:
[ldap]
user_allow_create = False
user_allow_update = False
user_allow_delete = False
Note
While having identity related information backed by LDAP while other information is backed by SQL is a supported configuration, as shown above; the opposite is not true. If either resource or assignment drivers are configured for LDAP, then Identity must also be configured for LDAP.
Connection Pooling¶
Various LDAP backends in Keystone use a common LDAP module to interact with LDAP data. By default, a new connection is established for each LDAP operation. This can become highly expensive when TLS support is enabled, which is a likely configuration in an enterprise setup. Reuse of connectors from a connection pool drastically reduces overhead of initiating a new connection for every LDAP operation.
Keystone provides connection pool support via configuration. This will keep LDAP connectors alive and reused for subsequent LDAP operations. The connection lifespan is configurable as other pooling specific attributes.
In the LDAP identity driver, Keystone authenticates end users via an LDAP bind
with the user’s DN and provided password. This kind of authentication bind
can fill up the pool pretty quickly, so a separate pool is provided for end
user authentication bind calls. If a deployment does not want to use a pool for
those binds, then it can disable pooling selectively by setting
use_auth_pool
to false. If a deployment wants to use a pool for those
authentication binds, then use_auth_pool
needs to be set to true. For the
authentication pool, a different pool size (auth_pool_size
) and connection
lifetime (auth_pool_connection_lifetime
) can be specified. With an enabled
authentication pool, its connection lifetime should be kept short so that the
pool frequently re-binds the connection with the provided credentials and works
reliably in the end user password change case. When use_pool
is false
(disabled), then the authentication pool configuration is also not used.
Connection pool configuration is part of the [ldap]
configuration section:
[ldap]
# Enable LDAP connection pooling. (boolean value)
use_pool=false
# Connection pool size. (integer value)
pool_size=10
# Maximum count of reconnect trials. (integer value)
pool_retry_max=3
# Time span in seconds to wait between two reconnect trials.
# (floating point value)
pool_retry_delay=0.1
# Connector timeout in seconds. Value -1 indicates indefinite wait for
# response. (integer value)
pool_connection_timeout=-1
# Connection lifetime in seconds. (integer value)
pool_connection_lifetime=600
# Enable LDAP connection pooling for end user authentication. If use_pool
# is disabled, then this setting is meaningless and is not used at all.
# (boolean value)
use_auth_pool=false
# End user auth connection pool size. (integer value)
auth_pool_size=100
# End user auth connection lifetime in seconds. (integer value)
auth_pool_connection_lifetime=60
Specifying Multiple LDAP servers¶
Multiple LDAP server URLs can be provided to keystone to provide
high-availability support for a single LDAP backend. To specify multiple LDAP
servers, simply change the url
option in the [ldap]
section. The new
option should list the different servers, each separated by a comma. For
example:
[ldap]
url = "ldap://localhost,ldap://backup.localhost"